Hyperpigmentation

More Melanin Than Expected

Hyperpigmentation occurs when melanocytes in a specific area of the skin produce more melanin than the surrounding cells, creating visible dark patches or spots. The excess melanin can be deposited in the epidermis (superficial, often responds well to topical treatment) or the dermis (deeper, more resistant to treatment, requires professional intervention).

Three Main Types

Sun spots (solar lentigines) are flat, brown spots that develop on sun-exposed areas (face, hands, chest, shoulders) after years of cumulative UV exposure. They are most common in people over 40 and in lighter skin tones.

Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation (PIH) is darkening that remains after a skin injury or inflammation heals, particularly common after acne, eczema, burns, and cuts. PIH affects all skin tones but is more pronounced and persistent in darker complexions.

Melasma presents as large, symmetrical brown or gray-brown patches primarily on the face (forehead, cheeks, upper lip, chin). It is triggered by hormonal factors (pregnancy, birth control pills) combined with UV exposure. Melasma is notoriously difficult to treat and prone to recurrence.

Treatment Hierarchy

The most important treatment is daily broad-spectrum sunscreen. Without UV protection, no brightening ingredient will produce lasting results because the sun continuously re-stimulates melanin production. Beyond sunscreen: vitamin C inhibits tyrosinase (the enzyme that produces melanin). Niacinamide blocks melanin transfer from melanocytes to keratinocytes. AHAs and retinoids accelerate cell turnover, shedding pigmented surface cells faster. Azelaic acid targets abnormal melanocytes specifically.