Glossary
The autumn period of nectar availability that follows the summer dearth in many regions. In Florida, the fall flow is dominated by goldenrod and Brazilian pepper, providing critical resources for colonies to build winter stores. The fall flow's timing and strength determine overwintering success.
In most beekeeping regions, the fall nectar flow represents the colony's last chance to stockpile food before winter confinement (in cold climates) or the winter slowdown (in warm climates like Florida). Colonies that enter winter with 60 to 80 pounds of stored honey have strong survival odds. Colonies that enter winter light on stores face starvation risk. The fall flow's productivity directly predicts winter colony survival rates.
In Central and South Florida, the primary fall nectar sources are: Brazilian pepper (Schinus terebinthifolia): October through November, produces a medium amber honey with a distinctive peppery taste. It is an invasive species, but Florida beekeepers rely on its abundant, reliable bloom. Goldenrod (Solidago species): September through October, produces a dark, strong-flavored honey with a smell during production that some describe as "stinky feet" (from the nectar's volatile compounds, not the finished honey). Spanish needles (Bidens alba): Nearly year-round in Florida but particularly productive in fall, producing a light, mild honey that is a local favorite. Mangrove (South Florida): Late September through November provides coastal nectar.
Beekeepers face a decision during fall flow: harvest the surplus (take honey supers for extraction) or leave the honey for winter stores. In Florida, where winters are mild and year-round foraging opportunities exist, many beekeepers harvest some fall honey while leaving adequate stores. In northern climates with harsh winters, the fall flow is typically left entirely for the bees.
During production in the hive, goldenrod nectar releases volatile compounds that can have a strong, unpleasant odor often compared to dirty socks or gym shoes. Once the honey is capped, ripened, and extracted, the offensive volatiles dissipate and the finished honey has a pleasant, bold, slightly spicy flavor. Do not judge goldenrod honey by how it smells in the hive.
Yes. Despite Brazilian pepper being an invasive species with sap that can cause skin irritation (similar to poison ivy, as it is in the same botanical family), the honey produced from its nectar is perfectly safe and widely enjoyed. The irritating compounds (urushiol-type chemicals) are not present in the nectar or honey.
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